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      All-in-one thermometer-heater up-converting platform YF3:Yb3+,Tm3+ operating in the first biological window

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          Abstract

          The combination of real-time diagnosis and therapy in an YF 3:Tm 3+/Yb 3 up-converting platform with improved thermometry and photo-thermal ability is achieved through optimizing doping dosages.

          Abstract

          Achieving the combination of real-time diagnosis and therapy in one up-converting platform with sensitive thermometry and efficient heat production is a critical step towards photo-thermal therapy (PTT). Here, the potentiality of truncated octahedral YF 3:Tm 3+/Yb 3+ micro-crystals as thermometers operating in the first biological window (BW-I) was evaluated on the basis of a thermo-responsive fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of far-red to NIR emission from completely separated 3F 2,3/ 3H 4 → 3H 6 transitions. The probabilities of cross-relaxation (CR) processes related to 3F 2,3/ 3H 4 levels were greatly enhanced by increasing the Yb 3+ content, leading to an increase of more than three times in the absolute sensitivity within the physiological temperature range. Photo-thermal effects were also assessed by monitoring the variation of temperature around the samples as functions of the Yb 3+ dosage, excitation time and density of 980 nm laser diodes. These results offer a promising strategy to optimize the thermal sensitivity and optical heating ability, which indicates that the present UC platform has great potential applications in PTT as real-time thermometers and photo-thermal agents.

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          Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals.

          Feng Wang, Xiaogang Liu (2009)
          Lanthanide ions exhibit unique luminescent properties, including the ability to convert near infrared long-wavelength excitation radiation into shorter visible wavelengths through a process known as photon upconversion. In recent years lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals have been developed as a new class of luminescent optical labels that have become promising alternatives to organic fluorophores and quantum dots for applications in biological assays and medical imaging. These techniques offer low autofluorescence background, large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emission bandwidths, high resistance to photobleaching, and high penetration depth and temporal resolution. Such techniques also show potential for improving the selectivity and sensitivity of conventional methods. They also pave the way for high throughput screening and miniaturization. This tutorial review focuses on the recent development of various synthetic approaches and possibilities for chemical tuning of upconversion properties, as well as giving an overview of biological applications of these luminescent nanocrystals.
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            Temperature-feedback upconversion nanocomposite for accurate photothermal therapy at facile temperature

            Xingjun Zhu, Chang Wei Feng, Jian-Guo Chang … (2016)
            Photothermal therapy (PTT) at present, following the temperature definition for conventional thermal therapy, usually keeps the temperature of lesions at 42–45 °C or even higher. Such high temperature kills cancer cells but also increases the damage of normal tissues near lesions through heat conduction and thus brings about more side effects and inhibits therapeutic accuracy. Here we use temperature-feedback upconversion nanoparticle combined with photothermal material for real-time monitoring of microscopic temperature in PTT. We observe that microscopic temperature of photothermal material upon illumination is high enough to kill cancer cells when the temperature of lesions is still low enough to prevent damage to normal tissue. On the basis of the above phenomenon, we further realize high spatial resolution photothermal ablation of labelled tumour with minimal damage to normal tissues in vivo. Our work points to a method for investigating photothermal properties at nanoscale, and for the development of new generation of PTT strategy.
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              Current advances in lanthanide ion (Ln(3+))-based upconversion nanomaterials for drug delivery.

              Dongmei Yang, Ping’an MA, Zhiyou Hou … (2015)
              Lanthanide ion (Ln(3+))-based upconversion nano/micromaterials that emit higher-energy visible light when excited by low-energy NIR light have aroused considerable attention in the forefront of materials science and biomedical fields, which stems from their unique optical and chemical properties including minimum photodamage to living organisms, low autofluorescence, high signal-to-noise ratio and detection sensitivity, and high penetration depth in biological or environmental samples. Thus, Ln(3+)-based upconversion materials are rising new stars and are quickly emerging as potential candidates to revolutionize novel biomedical applications. In this review article, we mainly focus on the recent progress in various chemical syntheses of Ln(3+)-based upconversion nanomaterials, with special emphasis on their application in stimuli-response controlled drug release and subsequent therapy. Functional groups that are introduced into the stimuli-responsive system can respond to external triggers, such as pH, temperature, light, and even magnetic fields, which can regulate the movement of the pharmaceutical cargo and release the drug at a desired time and in a desired area. This is crucial to boost drug efficacy in cancer treatment while minimizing the side effects of cytotoxic drugs. Many multifunctional (magnetic/upconversion luminescence and porous) composite materials based on Ln(3+) have been designed for controlled drug delivery and multimodal bioimaging. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for Ln(3+)-based upconversion materials are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JMCCCX
                Title: Journal of Materials Chemistry C
                Abbreviated Title: J. Mater. Chem. C
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                ISSN (Print): 2050-7526
                ISSN (Electronic): 2050-7534
                Publication date Created: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 2017
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1501-1507
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials (Culture Base) in Shaanxi Province
                [2 ]National Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials & Application of Science and Technology International Cooperation Base
                [3 ]Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology
                [4 ]Northwest University
                [5 ]Xi'an
                [6 ]School of Physical Science
                [7 ]University of Science and Technology of China
                [8 ]Hefei
                [9 ]China
                Article
                DOI: 10.1039/C6TC05449H
                SO-VID: 144f63cb-b1d9-4434-b044-456046989e8c
                Copyright © © 2017
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