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      Relação entre oferta de diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis na atenção básica sobre a incidência de sífilis gestacional e congênita Translated title: Relationship between the supply of syphilis diagnosis and treatment in primary care and incidence of gestational and congenital syphilis Translated title: Relación entre ofrecer un diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la sífilis dentro de la atención básica, respecto a la incidencia de sífilis gestacional y congénita

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          Abstract

          Resumo: O Brasil tem registrado aumento nas incidências de sífilis gestacional e congênita, revelando-se como um importante problema de saúde pública no país. O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre as ofertas de diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis na atenção básica e as incidências de sífilis gestacional e congênita. Foi realizado estudo ecológico analisando as incidências desses agravos e a cobertura de ações diagnósticas e terapêuticas na atenção básica. A amostra do estudo foi composta por municípios com população acima de 20.000 habitantes, com cobertura da atenção básica superior a 50% e nos quais a maioria das equipes foi avaliada no segundo ciclo do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade na Atenção Básica. Para analisar a efetividade das ações de detecção e tratamento foi desenvolvido o Índice de Variação da Transmissão Vertical de Sífilis. A administração da penicilina e a realização de teste rápido nesses municípios obtiveram medianas iguais a 41,9% e 67,14%, respectivamente, com diferenças regionais. A mediana da incidência de sífilis gestacional foi 6,24 (IIQ: 2,63-10,99) em municípios com maior oferta de teste rápido, e de 3,82 (IIQ: 0,00-8,21) naqueles com oferta inferior, apontando aumento na capacidade de detecção. Municípios com redução da transmissão vertical apresentavam maiores medianas dos percentuais de equipes com oferta dos testes rápidos (83,33%; IIQ: 50,00-100,00) e realização de penicilina (50,00%; IIQ: 11,10-87,50), demonstrando relação entre estas ações e a redução de sífilis congênita. Os achados indicam a necessidade de ampliação dessas ofertas e reforça a importância na redução da transmissão vertical.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Brazil has reported an increase in the incidence of both gestational and congenital syphilis, posing a serious public health problem in the country. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between the supply of syphilis diagnosis and treatment in primary care and the incidence rates of gestational and congenital syphilis. An ecological study analyzed these incidence rates and the coverage of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in primary care. The study sample consisted of municipalities (counties) with population over 20,000, with coverage by primary care over 50%, and where the majority of the teams were assessed in the second cycle of the National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Care. Analysis of the effectiveness of detection and treatment measures was based on the development of the Index of Variation in Vertical Syphilis Transmission. The administration of penicillin and application of the rapid test in these municipalities showed median rates of 41.9% and 67.14%, respectively, with regional differences. Median incidence of gestational syphilis was 6.24 (IQR: 2.63-10.99) in municipalities with a higher supply of the rapid test and 3.82 (IQR: 0.00-8.21) in those with a lower supply, indicating an increase in detection capacity. Municipalities with a reduction in vertical transmission showed higher median rates of teams with supply of rapid testing and (83.33%; IQR: 50.00-100.00) and administration of penicillin (50.00%; IQR: 11.10-87.50), demonstrating a relationship between these measures and the reduction in congenital syphilis. The findings indicate the need to expand these services and to reinforce the importance of reducing vertical transmission.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Brasil ha registrado un aumento en las incidencias de sífilis gestacional y congénita, revelándose como un importante problema de salud pública en Brasil. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre las ofertas de diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la sífilis en la atención básica, así como las incidencias de sífilis gestacional y congénita. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, analizando las incidencias de esos problemas de salud y la cobertura de las acciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas en la atención básica. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por municipios con una población por encima de los 20.000 habitantes, con una cobertura de atención básica superior a un 50%, y en los que la mayoría de los equipos se evaluó en el segundo ciclo del Programa Nacional de Mejora de Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica Para analizar la efectividad de las acciones de detección y tratamiento se desarrolló el Índice de Variación de la Transmisión Vertical de Sífilis. La administración de la penicilina y la realización del test rápido en estos municipios obtuvieron medias iguales a 41,9% y 67,14%, respectivamente, con diferencias regionales. La media de la incidencia de sífilis gestacional fue 6,24 (IIQ: 2,63-10,99) en municipios con mayor oferta de test rápido y de 3,82 (IIQ: 0,00-8,21) en aquellos con oferta inferior, apuntando un aumento en la capacidad de detección. Los municipios con una reducción de la transmisión vertical presentaban mayores medias de los porcentajes de equipos con oferta de tests rápidos (83,33%; IIQ: 50,00-100,00) y administración de penicilina (50,00%; IIQ: 11,10-87,50), demostrando la relación entre estas acciones y la reducción de sífilis congénita. Los resultados indican la necesidad de que exista una ampliación de esta oferta de servicios y refuerza la importancia en la reducción de la transmisión vertical.

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          Most cited references32

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          Shortages of benzathine penicillin for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis: An evaluation from multi-country surveys and stakeholder interviews

          Background Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is the only recommended treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of syphilis. Due to recent reports of country-level shortages of BPG, an evaluation was undertaken to quantify countries that have experienced shortages in the past 2 years and to describe factors contributing to these shortages. Methods and findings Country-level data about BPG shortages were collected using 3 survey approaches. First, a survey designed by the WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research was distributed to 41 countries and territories in the Americas and 41 more in Africa. Second, WHO conducted an email survey of 28 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention country directors. An additional 13 countries were in contact with WHO for related congenital syphilis prevention activities and also reported on BPG shortages. Third, the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) collected data from 14 countries (where it has active operations) to understand the extent of stock-outs, in-country purchasing, usage behavior, and breadth of available purchasing options to identify stock-outs worldwide. CHAI also conducted in-person interviews in the same 14 countries to understand the extent of stock-outs, in-country purchasing and usage behavior, and available purchasing options. CHAI also completed a desk review of 10 additional high-income countries, which were also included. BPG shortages were attributable to shortfalls in supply, demand, and procurement in the countries assessed. This assessment should not be considered globally representative as countries not surveyed may also have experienced BPG shortages. Country contacts may not have been aware of BPG shortages when surveyed or may have underreported medication substitutions due to desirability bias. Funding for the purchase of BPG by countries was not evaluated. In all, 114 countries and territories were approached to provide information on BPG shortages occurring during 2014–2016. Of unique countries and territories, 95 (83%) responded or had information evaluable from public records. Of these 95 countries and territories, 39 (41%) reported a BPG shortage, and 56 (59%) reported no BPG shortage; 10 (12%) countries with and without BPG shortages reported use of antibiotic alternatives to BPG for treatment of maternal syphilis. Market exits, inflexible production cycles, and minimum order quantities affect BPG supply. On the demand side, inaccurate forecasts and sole sourcing lead to under-procurement. Clinicians may also incorrectly prescribe BPG substitutes due to misperceptions of quality or of the likelihood of adverse outcomes. Conclusions Targets for improvement include drug forecasting and procurement, and addressing provider reluctance to use BPG. Opportunities to improve global supply, demand, and use of BPG should be prioritized alongside congenital syphilis elimination efforts.
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            Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis - United States, 2012-2014.

            Congenital syphilis (CS) occurs when a mother infected with syphilis transmits the infection to her child during pregnancy. CS can cause severe illness, miscarriage, stillbirth, and early infant death. However, among pregnant women with syphilis who deliver after 20 weeks gestation, maternal treatment with penicillin is 98% effective at preventing CS (1). In the United States, the rate of CS decreased during 1991–2005 but increased slightly during 2005–2008 (2). To assess recent trends in CS, CDC analyzed national surveillance data reported during 2008–2014, calculated rates, and described selected characteristics of infants with CS and their mothers. The overall rate of reported CS decreased from 10.5 to 8.4 cases per 100,000 live births during 2008–2012, and then increased to 11.6 cases per 100,000 live births in 2014, the highest CS rate reported since 2001. From 2012 to 2014, reported cases and rates of CS increased across all regions of the United States. To reduce CS, the timely identification of and response to increases in syphilis among women of reproductive age and men who have sex with women are essential. All women should have access to quality prenatal care, including syphilis screening and adequate treatment, during pregnancy (3).
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              Incidência de sífilis congênita e fatores associados à transmissão vertical da sífilis: dados do estudo Nascer no Brasil

              Resumo: O objetivo foi estimar a incidência de sífilis congênita ao nascimento e verificar os fatores associados à transmissão vertical da sífilis. Estudo nacional, de base hospitalar, realizado em 2011-2012 com 23.894 puérperas, por meio de entrevista hospitalar, dados de prontuário e cartão de pré-natal. Realizada regressão logística univariada para verificar os fatores associados à sífilis congênita. Estimada incidência de sífilis congênita de 3,51 por mil nascidos vivos (IC95% 2,29-5,37) e taxa de transmissão vertical de 34,3% (IC95%: 24,7-45,4). Casos de sífilis congênita estiveram associados à menor escolaridade materna, cor da pele preta e maior proporção de fatores de risco para prematuridade, bem como ao início mais tardio do pré-natal, menor número de consultas e menor realização de exames sorológicos. A mortalidade fetal foi seis vezes superior nos casos de sífilis congênita, e recém-natos com sífilis congênita apresentaram maior frequência de internação. A sífilis congênita persiste como problema de saúde pública, estando associada à maior vulnerabilidade social e falhas na assistência pré-natal.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                2020
                : 36
                : 3
                : e00074519
                Affiliations
                [2] Brasília orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelos de Decisão e Saúde Brazil
                [1] João Pessoa Paraíba orgnameUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Brazil
                [3] Brasília orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Políticas Públicas em Saúde Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X2020000405009 S0102-311X(20)03600305009
                10.1590/0102-311x00074519
                32215510
                0dad346f-24db-4829-aeb7-66f82dee8df4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 April 2019
                : 03 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Categories
                Artigo

                Sífilis Congênita,Saúde Materno-infantil,Atenção Primária à Saúde,Incidência,Avaliação em Saúde,Congenital Syphilis,Maternal and Child Health,Primary Health Care,Incidence,Health Evaluation,Sífilis Congénita,Salud Materno-Infantil,Atención Primaria de Salud,Incidencia,Evaluación en Salud

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