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      Complications of Circumcision

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          Abstract

          In the United States, circumcision is a commonly performed procedure. It is a relatively safe procedure with a low overall complication rate. Most complications are minor and can be managed easily. Though uncommon, complications of circumcision do represent a significant percentage of cases seen by pediatric urologists. Often they require surgical correction that results in a significant cost to the health care system. Severe complications are quite rare, but death has been reported as a result in some cases. A thorough and complete preoperative evaluation, focusing on bleeding history and birth history, is imperative. Proper selection of patients based on age and anatomic considerations as well as proper sterile surgical technique are critical to prevent future circumcision-related adverse events.

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          Most cited references31

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          Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review

          Background Approximately one in three men are circumcised globally, but there are relatively few data on the safety of the procedure. The aim of this paper is to summarize the literature on frequency of adverse events following pediatric circumcision, with a focus on developing countries. Methods PubMed and other databasess were searched with keywords and MeSH terms including infant/newborn/pediatric/child, circumcision, complications and adverse events. Searches included all available years and were conducted on November 6th 2007 and updated on February 14th 2009. Additional searches of the Arabic literature included searches of relevant databases and University libraries for research theses on male circumcision. Studies were included if they contained data to estimate frequency of adverse events following neonatal, infant and child circumcision. There was no language restriction. A total of 1349 published papers were identified, of which 52 studies from 21 countries met the inclusion criteria. The Arabic literature searches identified 46 potentially relevant papers, of which six were included. Results Sixteen prospective studies evaluated complications following neonatal and infant circumcision. Most studies reported no severe adverse events (SAE), but two studies reported SAE frequency of 2%. The median frequency of any complication was 1.5% (range 0-16%). Child circumcision by medical providers tended to be associated with more complications (median frequency 6%; range 2-14%) than for neonates and infants. Traditional circumcision as a rite of passage is associated with substantially greater risks, more severe complications than medical circumcision or traditional circumcision among neonates. Conclusions Studies report few severe complications following circumcision. However, mild or moderate complications are seen, especially when circumcision is undertaken at older ages, by inexperienced providers or in non-sterile conditions. Pediatric circumcision will continue to be practiced for cultural, medical and as a long-term HIV/STI prevention strategy. Risk-reduction strategies including improved training of providers, and provision of appropriate sterile equipment, are urgently needed.
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            Circumcision Policy Statement

            (1999)
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              Neonatal circumcision: a ten-year overview: with comparison of the Gomco clamp and the Plastibell device.

              The records of 5,882 live male births were reviewed to ascertain the incidence and nature of complications following neonatal circumcision. Approximately one half of the patients were circumcised with the Gomco and half with the Plastibell. The incidence of complications was 0.2%; most frequent were hemmorrhage, infection, and trauma, there were no deaths; and no transfusions were given.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ScientificWorldJournal
                TSWJ
                TheScientificWorldJournal
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                1537-744X
                2011
                26 December 2011
                : 11
                : 2458-2468
                Affiliations
                1Division of Pediatric Urology, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Long Island, NY 11042, USA
                2Pediatric and Adolescent Urology Institute, Beachwood, OH 44122, USA
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Anthony Atala

                Article
                10.1100/2011/373829
                3253617
                22235177
                f14b6e59-63dc-473b-8520-a2053996a74e
                Copyright © 2011 Aaron J. Krill et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 June 2011
                : 28 September 2011
                Categories
                Review Article

                Uncategorized
                child,micropenis,circumcision,inconspicuous,penis,complications
                Uncategorized
                child, micropenis, circumcision, inconspicuous, penis, complications

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