Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology

Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology

The Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology is open access, peer-reviewed journal published by Open Science Publishers LLP (registered under section 12(1) of LLP Act 2008). The journal publishes on a bi-monthly basis (6 issues per year) and is available in both online and print format.

Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology is dedicated to the publication of high quality manuscripts in the following subject area;

Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Agronomy and Crop Science

Plant Sciences, Plant breeding, and Medicinal Plants

General Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology

Microbiology & Food Science

Biotechnology & Bioinformatics

Aims & Scope

Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal, dedicated to the publication of original research, review articles, and short communications on applied research in the following subject area; 

• Agricultural and Biological Sciences
• Agronomy and Crop Science
• Plant Sciences, Plant breeding, and Medicinal Plants
• General Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology
• Microbiology & Food Science
• Biotechnology & Bioinformatics

Editorial Board

Editor-in-chief

Dr. Ajar Nath Yadav
Head, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics & Plant Breeding,
Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University,
Baru Sahib Sirmour-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India. 
ORCID, Google Scholar, Scopus, Institute Page

Interests: Microbial Biotechnology, Extremophiles, Plant-Microbe Interaction, Environmental Microbiology, Microbial diversity.

Immediate Past Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Bilal Ahmad Mir [View Profile]
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, University of Kashmir, Kargil Campus, Kargil, India.
Interests: Plant molecular biology and biotechnology, Genetic engineering, Plant biotechnology, Biofuels, Plant tissue Culture, Plant Genetics

Editorial Board

Dr. Kashif Jilani  [View Profile]
Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Interests: Cellular Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, Apoptosis.

Dr. Venu Kamarthapu [View Profile]
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, NY, USA.
Interests: DNA repair, Transcription, Gene regulation, Structural biology.

Dr. Varij Nayan  [View Profile] [ORCID]
Scientist, Animal Biochemistry, Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on buffaloes, Hisar, India.
Interests: Integrated genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenetic studies on animal production and health; Identifying biomarkers of prognosis;  therapeutic outcome and development of recombinant proteins; Estrous Biology; fertility augmentation through molecular biotechnology; Nanotechnology, nanosensors, nanotoxicology.

Dr. Nurhan Keskin [View Profile] [Google Scholar]
University of Yuzuncu Yil, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, (Viticulture) 65080-Van, Turkey. 
Interests: Antioxidants, Chromatography Phytochemicals, Food Chemistry, Free Radical Scavengers.

Dr. Akbar Hossain [View profile] [ORCID]
Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
Interests: Soil Science, Conservation agriculture, Stress physiology, weed biology, crop management.

Dr. R K Mathukia [View Profile] [ORCID]
Associate Research Scientist (Weed Control), Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,
Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujrat, India.
Interests: Agronomy, Agriculture Science, Organic farming, Weed Science.

Prof. Rajendra Kumar [View Profile] [ORCID] 
Principal Scientist, Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Interests: Crop Improvement  (Genetics and Plant Breeding / Agricultural Biotechnology), Plant Breeding, Molecular Breeding, Plant Genomics, Nutrigenomics, Chickpea and pulse crops.

Prof. Caterina Faggio  [View Profile]
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.

Dr. Khaled Mohammed Geba                                       
Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Interests: DNA barcoding, metabarcoding, population genetics, ecogenetics, marine biology, and marine biotechnology.

Prof. Dr. rer. Nat. Hesham Ali El Enshasy [View Profile]
Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor, Malaysia.
Interests: Industrial Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering, Probiotics, Mushroom Technology.

Dr. Krishnappa Jagadish [View Profile]
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 
Interests: Splicing, PCR, Peptide Chemistry, Amino Acids, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Protein Interactions.

Dr. Divjot Kour  [View Profile] [ORCID]
Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib Sirmour-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Interests: Phosphate Solubilization, Plant-Microbe Interaction, Drought tolerance, Microbial diversity.

Dr. Ho Wei Seng [View profile] [Website] [ORCID]
Resource Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Sarawak, Malaysia.
Interests: Tree Breeding, Forest Genetics, Polyploid, In Vitro Culture, Plantation, Silviculture.

Dr. Kanitha Tananuwong [View Profile] [ORCID]
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Interests: Food Science and technology, functional foods, food biotechnology.

Dr. Ashish Kumar Singh 
Centre of Biotechnology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Nehru Science Complex, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India.

Dr. Kiran D. Pawar [View Profile] [ORCID]
Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.
Interests: Biogenic synthesis of Nanomaterials, biomaterials for biomedical and nanobiotechnology applications,
Microbial biotechnology, biofuel technology, environmental nano, and biotechnology.

Dr. Suneel Dodamani [ORCID]
Scientist Grade I, Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, 
KLE Academy of Higher education and Research Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
Interests: Microbial Biotechnology, Molecular and Microbiology, Biological Chemistry, Cell culture.

Dr. N. Sivarajasekar [View Profile] [ORCID]
Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Lab,
Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
Interests: Biotechnology, biological wastewater treatment, Biorefinery, Food products.

Dr. Gaurav Saxena [View Profile] [ORCID] [Google Scholar]
Professor (Assistant) EERG-EMBL-MATER, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India.
Interests: Environmental Microbiology, Bioremediation, Ecotoxicology, Metagenomics, Wastewater Treatment.

Dr. Muhammad Irfan  [View Profile]
Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
Interests: Enzymology, Fermentation Technology, Biofuels, Bioactive compounds from microbes.

Dr. Sanjay Mishra [View Profile]
Scientist - Gr-II: Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Center [BSRC],
Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, India.
Interests: Plant Science, Medicinal Plants, Plant biotechnology, Tissue culture for secondary metabolites production. 

Dr. Neelam Yadav [ORCID] [Google Scholar]
Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Interests: Plant Microbiome, Food Science, Microbiology, Plant Health.

Dr. Alok Prasad Das [Google Scholar]
Department of Life Sciences, Rama Devi Women's University, Odisha, India.
Interests:  Marine, Microplastic, Pollution, Bioremediation.

Dr. Daryush Talei [View Profile]
Department of Plant Biotechnology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
Interests: Proteome and metabolome analysis, Genetic and Plant breeding, Statistics and Experimental design.

Prof. Dr. Yusuf BOZKURT [View Profile]
Department of Aquaculture, Iskenderun Technical University, Iskenderun, Turkey.
Interests: Aquaculture, Short and cryopreservation of fish gametes, Conservation of aquatic genetic resources.

Dr. Rajesh Kumar Joshi   
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, India.

Dr. Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Brazil. [View Profile]

Dr. Mirza Abdul Qayyum [View Profile]
Department of Entomology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
Interests: Biological Control, Microbial control of vegetable insect pests, Endophytic colonization, Formulation of microbial biopesticides.

Dr. B. Thippeswamy [View Profile] [Website] 
Department of PG Studies & Research in Microbiology, Kuvempu University,  Shivamogga, India.
Interests: Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science, Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology.

Prof. Abdelnasser Salah Shebl [View Profile]
Department Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
Interests: Industrial Microbiology mainly Microbial enzymes (including isolation, purification, immobilization, fermentation, and kinetics).

Dr. M. Naeem [View Profile] [ORCID]
Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Interests: Abiotic stress, PGRs, Stress Plant Physiology, Secondary metabolites.

Dr. Neelapu Nageswara Rao Reddy [ORCID] [Google Scholar]
Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics GITAM Institute of Science, 
Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Visakhapatnam - 530 045- AP, India.
Interests: Biopesticide, Drug Targets, Immunoinformatics, Phylogeny, Bioinformatics.

Dr. Amit Kumar [View Profile]
Scientist, Host Plant Section, Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, India.
Interests: Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases, C, N and water footprint analysis, Heavy Metals Pollution.

Paras Sharma [View Profile] [ORCID]
Department of Pharmacognosy, BVM College of Pharmacy, Gwalior, India.
Interests: Plant biotechnology, Tissue culture, Production of secondary metabolites, Medicinal Plants. 

Dr.  Vinoth Kumar V. [ORCID]
Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM University, Kattankulathur - Chennai, India.
Interests:  Enzyme Engineering, Bioprocess Engineering, Environment Engineering, Biorefinery.

Dr. Shahabaldin Rezania [ORCID] [View Profile]
Faculty of Civil Engineering (Environmental Engineering), University Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai Johor, Malaysia.
Interests: Pollution remediation, Wastewater treatment, Renewable energy, Biomass conversion, Waste management.

Dr. Deep Chandra Suyal [ORCID] [View Profile]
Department of Microbiology Eternal University, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Interests: Genomics and proteomics, Metagenomics, Plant-soil-microbe interactions, Microbial ecology, Rhizosphere biology, Bioremediation, Bioinformatics.

Dr. Biswaranjan Paital [ORCID] [View Profile]
Redox Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and
Technology, Shiripur, Near Biju Patnaik International Airport, Bhubaneswqar-751003, Odisha.
Interests: Environmental Toxicology, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Physiology, Electron Transport Chain.

Dr. Tanmay Sarkar [ORCID] [View Profile]
Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal, Malda 732102, India.
Interests: Food Science, Nutrition, Food Microbiology, Food biotechnology.

Dr. Tushar D. Lodha [Google Scholar] [View Profile]
Scientist, National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.
Interests: Microbial biotechnology, Bioenergy (bio-CNG, biohydrogen), Anammox process,  Antimicrobial Resistance, Microbial taxonomy, and Systematics.

Dr. Rajeev Pratap Singh [Google Scholar]
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Interests: Sustainable agriculture, Heavy metal Toxicity, Waste management.

Prof. Arun Karnwal  [Google Scholar] [ORCID]
Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and BioSciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.
Interests: Agricultural Microbiology, Bioinformatics, Bioremediation.

Author's Guidelines

Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology follows ICMJE: Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals and COPE's best practice guidelines. Authors are requested to be aware of the journal's policies before making the submission. 

Scope of the journal

JABB publishes Original research articles, reviews, mini-review, and short communication in the following subject areas:

Agriculture Science and Agronomy, Food Science, Plant Sciences, Plant breeding, Medicinal Plants, Microbiology, Molecular biology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics.

Manuscript Submission

Manuscripts should be submitted by any one of the authors of the manuscript (preferably the corresponding author) through the online manuscript submission and peer-review system. All manuscripts received are duly acknowledged. Before submission authors should ensure the manuscript format as per the journal's guidelines. Articles that are not written as per the journal's guidelines will be declined.

Please upload a cover letter, article front page, graphical abstract, main article file (without any identification information), figures and tables, conflict of interest form, authorship contribution form, and supplementary material (if any).  

For technical help, please write to editor@jabonline.in

Editorial Procedure and Peer-review

Initial Checks

• All the submitted manuscripts will be checked by an experienced editor to determine whether the submitted manuscript is properly prepared and whether they follow the ethical policies of the journal and contain all the necessary disclosures.
• All the submitted manuscripts will be checked for the correctness of the references. The incomplete, inappropriate, or vague/misleading references may lead to desk rejection.
• All the submitted articles will be checked for the English language at this stage and authors may be asked for language editing by any native or professional English language editor.
• The submitted articles will be screened for plagiarism using iThenticate (online plagiarism detection software). Please read the plagiarism policy for further details.
• Manuscripts that are not properly prepared will be returned to the authors for revision and resubmission.
• Manuscripts with insufficient originality, serious scientific or technical flaws, or lack of a significant message, or if not prepared as per journals instructions are rejected without a formal peer review.

Appeals

The authors may appeal against the negative decision with suitable arguments if they feel that there is a major misunderstanding over a technical aspect or failure to understand the scientific advance shown by the manuscript. Appeals requesting a second opinion without sufficient justification will not be considered. Please write to the journal via email in order to submit an appeal. Appeals will only be considered from the original submitting author.

Galley Proofs and publication

Manuscripts that are accepted for publication are subjected to copy edited for grammar, punctuation, print style, and format. Page proofs are sent to the corresponding author. The corresponding author is expected to return the corrected proofs within three days. The whole process of submission of the manuscript to the final decision and sending and receiving proofs is completed through the online submission and peer-review system. To achieve faster and greater dissemination of knowledge and information, the journal publishes articles online as ‘Online First’ immediately on acceptance.

Preprints

Journal encourages posting of preprints of primary research manuscripts on preprint servers, authors’ or institutional websites. Preprints may be posted at any time during the peer-review process. Posting of preprints is not considered prior to publication and will not affect consideration in this journal. Please read our preprint policy for details.

ARTICLE TYPES

The journal will consider the following article types;

Research Articles

The articles that present the results of the original research study are considered research articles. These manuscripts should describe how the research project was conducted and provide a thorough analysis of the results of the project. The research articles should include the following in the order given below:

• Abstract,
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results including Tables and/or Figures
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Appendixes [if necessary]
• Abbreviations used [if necessary]

Systematic reviews may be submitted as research articles.

Reviews and mini-reviews

A review article provides an overview of the published literature in a particular subject area. A review article should contain an abstract, keywords, introduction, methods (including data sources, study selection, and data extraction), results and conclusion, acknowledgment, and references.

Short Communication

Short Communications are brief reports that present original and significant research and need to be published quickly. It may focus on a hot topic or may have new findings that are expected to have a significant impact on a current problem. Short communications are expected to have a higher than average impact.

Case reports

New, interesting, and rare cases can be reported. They should be unique, describing a great diagnostic or therapeutic challenge and providing a learning point for the readers.

Letter to the editor

It should be brief and decisive observations. They should preferably be related to articles previously published in the Journal or views expressed in the journal. They should not be preliminary observations that need a later paper for validation. 

Preparation of Manuscript 

The manuscript should be typed in English, double-spaced on standard A4-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. Times New Roman font 12 pt should be used. The fonts used in the text, as well as graphics, should be restricted to Times New Roman, Symbol, and Zapf Dingbats.

1. Title page

The title page should contain a clear, concise, and informative title of the article followed by the names and affiliations of the authors. The affiliation should comprise the department, institution (usually university or company), city, and state (or nation) and should be typed as a footnote to the author's name. The Corresponding Author must indicate his or her complete mailing address, office/cellular phone number, fax number, and email address at the lower left of the Title Page. The authors should ensure that their manuscript(s) must fall within aims and scope. Authors are required to indicate the specific subject area, mentioned in the aims and scope, on the top of the title page. For example; Microbiology, Biotechnology, Structural biology, etc.

2. Article Structure

Articles should be divided into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should also be numbered for example: 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc.

3. (a) Abstract

The abstract should not be more than 200 words and should provide brief details regarding objectives, material and methods, Results, and Conclusions. Reviews and mini reviews also require an abstract. The abstract should not be structured, it should be a single paragraph without subheadings. The abstract must be followed by four-six keywords.

3. (b) Graphical abstract

Authors are required to submit a graphical abstract, in a single JPEG/TIF image that visually represents the key findings of your article. The graphical abstracts will appear at the cover page of the online version of the article. It should constitute a single image without a separate legend as per the following specifications;

• Graphical Abstracts should be submitted as a single high-resolution (300 dpi or greater) image file; preferred file types are .tif, .jpeg, or .png
• Please label the file clearly as 'Graphical Abstract'.
• Font: Please use Arial, Times New Roman, or Symbol font in 8 pt, with 5 pt for sub- and superscript. Lines and strokes should be between 0.5 and 1 pt.
• Colors: The use of color is encouraged. Color figures should be in RGB format.  

4. Introduction

This should be brief and indicates the aim of the study and the essential background information. The introduction should clearly state the hypothesis or purpose statement, how and why the purpose or hypothesis was developed and why the author deems it important.

5. Material and methods

Please provide concise but complete information about the material and the analytical, statistical, and experimental procedures used. This part should be as clear as possible to enable other scientists to repeat the research presented. The use of subheadings to divide the text is encouraged. Primary headings should be in BOLD CAPITAL LETTERS. Secondary or subheadings should be in Bold sentence case. Third-level subheadings should be in Italicized sentence case. In the case of animal experiments, authors must give the details of ethical approval.

6. Result and Discussion

Data acquired from the research with the appropriate statistical analysis described in the methods section should be included in this section. In this part, the same data/ information given in a table must not be repeated in a figure or vice versa. Tables and Figures should be self-explanatory and it is not acceptable to repeat extensively the numerals from tables into text and give lengthy and unnecessary explanations of the Tables and Figures. The discussion should relate the results to the current understanding of the scientific problems being investigated in the field.

7. Conclusion

This section should clearly explain the main conclusions of the work highlighting its importance and relevance.

8. References

References should be numbered consecutively throughout the article, beginning with [1] for the first-cited reference, and should be cited in the text by numerals in a square bracket. For example;

…… Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction are targeted in the strategy of cancer therapy [1]. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a multi-step process that is important to eliminate damaged or abnormal cells [2]. Chemopreventive agents comprise a diverse group of compounds with different mechanisms of action, but, their ultimate ability to induce apoptosis may represent a unifying concept for the mechanism of chemoprevention [3]……

List the first six contributors followed by et al. in all references. References follow the ICMJE guidelines. The author’s surname is followed by the author’s initials in capitals without spaces or full stops. All references show page numbers in the format (121-26). Refer to the List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus for abbreviations of journal names, or access the list from here.

The authors should ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Sample references are given below; 

8.1 Journal article

Dembitsky VM, Gloriozova TA, Poroikov VV, Koola MM. QSAR Study of Some Natural and Synthetic Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors and their Pharmacological Profile. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2022; 12(05):039–058. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2022.120503

8.2 Reference to a book:

Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 4th ed. New York: Longman; 2000.

8.3 Reference to a chapter in an edited book:

Mettam GR, Adams LB. How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In: Jones BS, Smith RZ, editors. Introduction to the electronic age, New York: E-Publishing Inc; 2009, p. 281–304.

8.4 Electronic Material

• CD-ROM:

Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

• Journal article on the Internet:

Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6):[about 1 p.]. Available from: http://www.nursingworld. org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htmArticle

• Article with document number in place of traditional pagination:

Williams JS, Brown SM, Conlin PR. Videos in clinical medicine. Blood-pressure measurement. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 29;360(5):e6.

• Article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

Zhang M, Holman CD, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009 Jan 7;338:a2752. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2752.

• Monograph on the Internet:

Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from:http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/.

• Homepage/Website:

Cancer-Pain.org [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from http://www.cancer-pain.org/

Please visit; http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html for more details about the reference style.

9. Tables & Figures

Tables and figures should not be embedded in the text but should be included at the end of the manuscript on separate pages. Tables should be created with a word processor and cited consecutively in the text. To ensure the highest print quality, your figures must be submitted in JPEG/JPG/TIF format with a minimum of 300 dpi or higher resolutions. Captions/legends will be placed below figures and adjusted to 10 font size.

10.  Abbreviations

Standard abbreviations should be used throughout the manuscript. All nonstandard abbreviations should be kept to a minimum and must be defined in the text following their first use.

Authorship and Acknowledgements

1. Authorship

All the authors in a manuscript are equally responsible for the technical information communicated to the journal. Thus, it is necessary that all authors must read and approve the final version of the manuscript before submitting it to the journal. All named authors must have made an active contribution to the conception and design and/or analysis and interpretation of the data and/or the drafting of the paper and all must have critically reviewed its content and have approved the final version submitted for publication. Participation solely in the acquisition of funding or the collection of data does not justify authorship.

JABB follows the definition of authorship given by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:

• Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND

• Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND

• Final approval of the version to be published; AND

• Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Authors should meet all four conditions.  Please click here to download the Authorship Contribution Form, authors are required to upload the duly filled and signed form under the additional files section, during manuscript submission. They can also send it by email to editor@jabonline.in. In addition to that, all the manuscripts should contain the Authors’ Contributions statement immediately before the Acknowledgments section. 

2. Acknowledgements

All acknowledgments should be included at the very end of the paper before the references and may include supporting grants, presentations, and so forth. Contributors who do not qualify as authors should be mentioned under Acknowledgements.

Conflicts of interest

All the authors must disclose the possible conflicts of interest/Competing Interests they may have with the publication of the manuscript or an institution or product that is mentioned in the manuscript and/or is important to the outcome of the study presented. Authors should also disclose conflicts of interest with products that compete with those mentioned in their manuscript. The Conflict of Interest statement should list each author separately by name. The ICMJE has developed a Disclosure Form to facilitate and standardize authors’ disclosures, please click this link to download the ICMJE COI form. Authors are required to upload the duly filled and signed form under the additional files section, during manuscript submission, or send it by email to editor@jabonline.in. Please follow the link to read the detailed ICMJE recommendations for disclosure of financial and non-financial relationships and activities, and conflicts of interest. 

Funding sources 

The authors must declare all sources of funding received for the research submitted to the journal. Authors should give the name of granting agencies and grant numbers, along with a short description of each funder’s role.  Only the funding related to the submitted work should be mentioned and authors are NOT required to provide the complete list of every single grant that supports them. 

Originality and Plagiarism

Authors should ensure the originality of their content while preparing a manuscript draft. In case the authors have used the work and/or words of others this must be appropriately cited or quoted. All the articles submitted to the journal shall be screened for plagiarism using iThenticate (online plagiarism detection software). In case, plagiarism is detected during the review/editorial process, such manuscript(s) will be rejected immediately. Please read our plagiarism policy for details.

Reporting Standards

Authors of the original research article must present accurate data of work performed during their research. Authors are also expected to discuss the objective of their work and the significance of their results. An article should contain sufficient information and references to ensure the reproducibility of the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements are considered unethical behavior and are unacceptable.

Data access and retention 

Authors may be asked to provide the raw/supplementary data for a paper that is under editorial review. The authors should be prepared to provide the public access to these data (if practicable) and to retain such data for a reasonable time after the publication.

Ethical Approvals

Patient Rights

Patients have a right to privacy thus; all the studies should be conducted with informed consent. No identifying information should be published in written descriptions, photographs, and pedigrees unless the information is essential for scientific purposes and the patient (or parent or guardian) gives written informed consent for publication. When informed consent has been obtained, it should be indicated in the article. Investigations with human subjects must follow the ethical standards formulated in the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, revised in 2000. All the experiments should be approved by the institutional human experimentation committee or equivalent.  

Animal Rights

Animal experiments must follow the ethical standards for the care and use of laboratory animals. The article involved animal experiments and must seek approval(s) from the appropriate Ethical Committee in accordance with the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" and ARRIVE guidelines.

Clinical trial registry

The journal recommends that the clinical trials should be registered in a publicly accessible database. Authors should include the clinical trial registration numbers on all papers that report their results. The authors must adhere to the minimum set of recommendations for reporting randomized trials as described in "The CONSORT (CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010 guideline".  

Article Processing Charges (APCs)

The authors are required to pay Rs. 15000/- (Indian Authors) or USD 350 (foreign authors) for APCs upon acceptance of the manuscript. APCs are applicable only to the accepted articles. 

Note: These charges are calculated for a standard-length article with 20 pages in MS Word (1-inch margin on each side and two-line space). Additional page charges of 600 INR per page (Indian authors) or 15 USD per page (foreign authors) will be applicable for the articles beyond this limit. 

Peer-review Policy

All the manuscripts submitted to JABB will be subjected to a double-blinded peer-review process. In this model reviewers, and the authors both do not know the identities of each other. We believe this process is the best way to ensure the fairest reviews and opinions on papers.

Initial Evaluation/Technical Review

The Editor(s) first evaluates all the manuscripts. Manuscripts rejected at this stage are insufficiently original, have serious scientific flaws, have poor grammar or English language, or are outside the aims and scope of the journal, or not written as per the journal's guidelines. Those that meet the minimum criteria are forwarded to at least 2 experts for review.

Peer-review

• Generally, all the manuscripts are reviewed by a minimum of two suitable external experts in the respective subject area. The reports of all the reviewers will be considered while deciding on acceptance/revision or rejection of a manuscript, but the ultimate responsibility for acceptance or rejection lies with the Editor. Editor-In-Chief makes the final decision.
• EIC can ask one or more advisory board members for their suggestions upon a manuscript, before making the final decision.
• Associate editor and review editors provide administrative support to maintain the integrity of the peer-review process.
• In accordance with COPE recommendations on ethical editing for Editors, Editors will assign any submissions they cannot handle (e.g. if they are the author of an article submitted to their own journal) to a member of the Editorial Board or a guest editor.

Author's suggestion for the reviewer

The authors can suggest the peer-reviewers as per the following criteria;

• The suggested reviewers should have higher academic standing in the subject area of the submitted article and the same should be reflected in terms of their publications.
• The suggested reviewers should not be from the authors' own institute or from past affiliations.
• Authors must provide the institutional/academic email addresses of the suggested reviewers.
• Authors must provide the academic profile pages of the suggested reviewers.
• The journal reserve the right NOT to choose any reviewer from the suggested list.

In case, authors challenge the editor's negative decision with suitable arguments, the manuscript can be sent to one more reviewer and the final decision will be made based upon his recommendations.

Submit Manuscript

Authors are required to send a cover letter along with the manuscript undertaking that, "manuscript has not been published so far/communicated to some other journal". The cover letter should include the corresponding author's full address, email ID, and telephone/fax numbers.

Before submission authors should ensure the manuscript format as per the JABB guidelines.

Final checklist for the manuscript submission: 

1. The manuscript has been arranged as per the author's guidelines.
2. Is the cover letter attached to the mail?
3. The authors are aware of JABB publication policies.
4. The authors are aware of JABB peer-review policy.

An acknowledgment for manuscript submission will be sent to the author through e-mail.

All manuscripts should be submitted electronically via our online submission system Click Here

Publication Ethics

Guidelines for Editors, Reviewers, Authors, Publishing ethics issues, Misconduct and sanctions, Complaints and appeals
 

Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology follows the COPE Best Practice guidelines and this statement is based on the guidelines and standards developed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The journal adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and the Best Practice Guidelines. The publication ethics statement should be read in conjunction with the Journal Policies. 

ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE ACADEMIC EDITORS

The editors of the journal are responsible to make the editorial decision on the submitted articles. The journal relies on the integrity and honesty of the editors to select high-quality manuscripts that conform to ethical standards and meets all the requirements. The editors of this journal must follow the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) “Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors”.

The editorial decisions must be made only on intellectual merit without any prejudice or bias. The editors must maintain the confidentiality of the submitted manuscripts and ensure the integrity of double-blind peer-review. The editors are required to read the journal’s conflict of interest policies carefully and ensure compliance with the same.

ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE REVIEWERS

The volunteer contribution of peer-reviewers is paramount to maintaining the scientific integrity and selection of high-quality articles. The peer-reviewers of the journal are required to follow the COPE guidelines to the peer-reviewers and peer-review policy of this journal.  

The reviewers are also requested to read the journal’s conflicts of interest policy carefully and ensure compliance with the same.

The reviewers are expected to maintain the confidentiality and objectivity of the double-blind peer review.

ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE AUTHORS

Authors are required to fulfill the ICMJE’s definition of the authors and contributors [Link]. The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:

• Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
• Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND
• Final approval of the version to be published; AND
• Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

The authors should read and ensure compliance with the journal’s policies such as;

• Plagiarism policy,
• Conflicts of interest policy,
• Ethical approvals, patients’ rights, and informed consent
• Corrections and retraction policy

Authors of the original research article must present accurate data and provide sufficient information and references to ensure the reproducibility of the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements are considered unethical behavior and unacceptable. Authors may be asked to provide the raw/supplementary data for a paper that is under editorial review. The authors should be prepared to provide the public access to these data (if practicable) and to retain such data for a reasonable time after the publication.

Redundant or duplicate submission/publication

Duplicate or redundant submission is the same manuscript (or the same data) that is submitted to different journals at the same time. International copyright laws, ethical conduct, and cost-effective use of resources require that readers can be assured that what they are reading is original (Read ICMJE recommendations). An author should not publish manuscripts that describe the same concept or present similar data, in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to multiple journals constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. 

Our online editorial system (ejmanager) provides an option to search the article title and keywords and provide all the related publications. Our handling editors carefully monitor all the related articles to avoid duplicate submission/publication. All such articles will be rejected immediately. 

In case the editor was not aware of the violation and the article has been published, a notice of the duplicate submission and the ethical violation will be published.

Acknowledgment and funding sources

Authors should provide the proper acknowledgment for the work of others. Authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the nature of the reported work.

The authors must declare all sources of funding received for the research submitted to the journal. Authors should give the name of granting agencies and grant numbers, along with a short description of each funder’s role.  Only the funding related to the submitted work should be mentioned and authors are NOT required to provide the complete list of every single grant that supports them. 

ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE PUBLISHER

The publisher is supposed to protect the intellectual property and copyright of the contents submitted by the authors. We respect privacy and personal data, especially for authors and peer reviewers. We work in close cooperation with the editors and peer reviewers to maintain editorial independence and guarantee transparency and integrity in the peer-review process. This journal follows the ICMJE guidelines for journal owners and editorial freedom.

PUBLISHING ETHICS ISSUES

Monitoring: The EIC must ensure to establish the mechanism for monitoring and safeguarding publishing ethics. All the complaints received from the reviewers or the authors or anybody else should be taken into proper consideration and appropriate action should be taken promptly for such complaints.

Retraction & Corrections: The published articles will be retracted if there is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable. The retraction can be a result of scientific misconduct or honest error. To maintain the integrity of the scientific record, the retracted article will not be removed from the journal's website, however, a notice of retraction will be posted and is made freely available to all readers. Retraction can be published by the authors or the editor or the publisher. In rare cases involving legal infringement, the Publisher may remove an article. Bibliographic information about the article will be retained to ensure the integrity of the scientific record. We follow the COPE guidelines in such a case. Sometimes it may be necessary to publish corrections/erratum in an article published in the Journal to maintain the integrity of the academic record. Appropriate notice regarding the correction will be placed and made freely available to the readers. We are always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.

Article withdrawal: We expect our authors to comply with best practices in publication ethics as well as in the quality of their articles.  To avoid withdrawal of articles we sincerely request the corresponding author to undertake the issues related to authorship, publication ethics, and accurateness of data and results at the time of submission of the manuscript.

The authors can withdraw their article(s) at any stage of the peer-review and publication process (before the publication of the article that will not yet have the complete volume/issue/page information) by login into their author homepage and selecting the ‘withdraw article’ option. The authors should be aware that the withdrawal action takes the manuscript out of the peer review & publication process and places it back into the author's dashboard, in the withdrawn Manuscripts list. The manuscript number of withdrawn articles cannot be used by the system and cannot be resubmitted.

Submissions from editors, employees, or members of the editorial board 

All the submissions received from editors, reviewers, or members of the editorial board can be identified by our online manuscript handling system ejmanager, this system highlights the authors who are in editorial or in the reviewer panel. All such authors will be identified and not be included in the manuscript handling process at any step from submission to the publication of the article.

Furthermore, all the reviewers and handling editors are required to disclose the conflict of interest for the articles they are handling/reviewing before they submit their feedback/comments to the electronic manuscript handling system.

Preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards: We believe that the funding agencies and sponsors should not be able to influence the author's findings or decision-making. The editor should maintain the integrity of the academic record, preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed. 

MISCONDUCT AND SANCTIONS

Suspected breaches of our publication ethics policies, either before or after publication, as well as concerns about research ethics, should be reported to the journal. Claimants will be kept anonymous if requested. 

As soon as we get information about the misconduct, our editors will start a thorough investigation. The authors may be asked to provide the underlying data, images, and other supplementary materials. The journal will consult editors, and contact institutions or employers to ask for an investigation.

If an article is found to violate the ethical publishing guidelines of the journal such as duplicate submission, fraudulent data, plagiarism, citation manipulation, false claim of authorship, etc. the article will be rejected by the journal. In case the article is accepted and under the ‘Online first’ stage the journal will remove the article from the website and an appropriate note for article withdrawal will be posted. No response from the authors to journal communication after review and provisional acceptance is also considered as withdrawal of the article. If it is a published article the same will be retracted immediately following the COPE Retraction Guidelines.

The journal follows COPE flow charts (https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts) for handling the misconduct.

In addition to that we may take the following actions based on the severity of misconduct;

• Not allowing submission for 1–3 years.
• A prohibition from acting as an editor or reviewer.
• Reporting the misconduct to the author's institutions, employers, and, their funding agencies.

However, the minor or unintentional errors by the authors may be corrected by a corrigendum and errors by the publisher by an erratum.

COMPLAINTS AND APPEALS

Authors & readers can submit their complaints/appeals to the editor or the publisher of the journal through email editor@jabonline.in or through the complaint form provided on the contact us page [Link]. All the complaints will assign a unique complaint number by the publisher. Authors/readers can use complaint numbers for further follow-up.

If you do not receive a response to your complaint within 48 hrs or if you are not satisfied with the response please write to associate editor paraszee05@gmail.com or to the publisher at: opensciencepublishersllp@gmail.com. Please mention your unique complaint number in follow-up emails.

Guidelines To Peer Reviewers

The peer-review is the backbone of scholarly publishing. The objectives of these guidelines to help the peer-reviewers and provide an ethical overview.  Reading these guidelines may help the reviewers to find the answers for most of the queries and provide guidance in completing a peer review report in a thorough and prompt way. If you have any further queries, please write to editor@jabonline.in

Purpose of Review:

• To help authors improve their manuscripts, applying your professional expertise to help others.
• To assist in maintaining a good, meticulous peer-review process resulting in the publication of good quality papers.
• To make the author aware of any additional literature that may provide useful comparison or clarification of an approach.

Guidelines

• All manuscripts submitted to JABB journals are subject to double-anonymous (also referred to as double-blind) peer review. Reviewers should consider the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers before accepting to review a manuscript and throughout the peer-review process.
• We expect our reviewers to undertake an objective review of an article and when agreeing to a double-anonymous review, we trust that the reviewers will not go out of their way to undermine the author's anonymity. All the reviewers need to accept the terms and conditions of peer-review, before starting a review. 
• Once the reviewer receives a request to peer review it is necessary that the peer reviewers respond in a timely manner, particularly if they cannot do the review, to avoid unnecessarily delaying the review process.
• Peer reviewers must keep any information regarding the identity of the authors and the content of the manuscript confidential.
• Peer review comments should be objective and constructive without being of a hostile or derogatory nature.
• Refer to the Instructions for Authors to see if the manuscript meets the submission criteria of the journal (Journal Guidelines).
• Complete the review and indicate the relative strengths or weaknesses of the manuscript by uploading your comments on ‘Journal Platform’.
• Once you’ve read the manuscript and have assessed its quality, you need to make a recommendation to the editor regarding publication as follows:
  • Accept - if the manuscript is suitable for publication in its current form.
  • Revisions - if the manuscript will be ready for publication after light revisions. Please list the revisions you would recommend
  • Reject - if the manuscript is not suitable for publication in this journal or if the revisions that need to be undertaken are too many for the submission to continue being considered in its current form.

• Detailed comments to be provided which will be suitable for transmission to the authors.
• Mention the comments to the author, as an opportunity to seek clarification on any unclear points and for further elaboration.
• Confirm whether you feel the subject of the manuscript is sufficiently interesting to justify its length; if you recommend shortening, it is useful to the author(s) if you can indicate specific areas where you think that shortening is required.
• It will be helpful if you correct the English where the technical meaning is unclear.
• Once the comments are pasted or uploaded you can submit it to the editor; Editor will send those comments to the author(s) for revisions.
• If you are unable to complete your report on a manuscript in the agreed time frame please inform the editor, so that the refereeing process is not delayed.
• Make the editors aware of any potential conflicts of interest that may affect the manuscript under review.

Special Issues Guidelines

A special issue is a collection of articles in a particular subject area/theme within the journal’s scope. The special issues are organized and edited by a Guest Editor, who has relevant experience in the specific subject area.

1. Proposals for a special issue

The proposals for the special issues can be submitted to the Editor-in-chief for an initial evaluation and approval and such proposals should be arranged as per the following specifications;

• The title of the Special Issue.
• A brief CV of the proposed Guest Editors including their present affiliations, email addresses websites, research interests, and ORCIDs. The number of guest editors should be limited to three unless there are sub-topics within the proposed theme or the number of submissions are more and there is a need to involve more experts.
• A statement regarding the necessity of this special issue and the relevance of the Special Issue as per the journal’s scope. The summary of the special issue should not be more than 200 words.
• Proposed date of starting of submissions and deadline.

2. Submission, peer-review, and editorial process

All articles submitted to the special issue will undergo the same rigorous peer review process as our regular articles. Every article will be subject to technical review (pre-check) and, a double-blind peer review using at least two external reviewers. The editorial process and other related procedures will be consistent with those applied to our regular articles. We would like to emphasize that we do not make any compromises when it comes to the scientific quality of the content and take peer review and publishing ethics guidelines very seriously. We encourage all authors who submit their work to special issues to be aware of our journal policies, and author guidelines, including our peer review and editorial process, to ensure the highest standards of academic rigor and integrity. We are committed to maintaining the same level of excellence in our special issue as we do in our regular issues.

3. Guidelines for the Guest editors

Guest Editors are responsible for the tasks that require their subject-specific expertise, such as selecting appropriate reviewers for submitted papers and making the final recommendation regarding the acceptance or rejection of submitted papers based on the reviewer reports. Our editorial staff provides Guest editors with any administrative assistance they may need for example: contacting late reviewers, sending reminder emails to authors and reviewers, notifying authors, tracking down missing material, etc. The guest editors can also take the assistance of the journal’s associate editor or the section editor(s), wherever required. 

The guest editors are expected to be aware of the journal’s policies, including our peer review and editorial process before handling the submissions.
3.1. Submission: The authors can submit their articles through our online submission and peer-review system. While submitting their article the authors needed to select the special issue title. Once the authors finished the submission they will receive an automated confirmation email along with the manuscript number.

3.2. Initial Check (Technical review): All the submitted articles shall be checked for style, novelty, methodological thoroughness, presentation of results, the correctness of the references, plagiarism, quality of images, etc. Please read the author's guidelines for more details about this step. The journal’s in-house editors will work in close cooperation with the guest editors to make an initial check.

3.3. Peer-Review

The manuscript that passes the initial check/desk review will be subjected to double-blinded peer review. The manuscript will be reviewed by a minimum of two suitable experts (whose identities will remain anonymous to the authors) in the respective subject area. Please refer to our peer-review policies for details. The guest editors are responsible to provide a list of suitable external reviewers in a 1:4 ratio, which means at least four experts must be provided for each article. However, in case of the unavailability of reviewers, the guest editors can also choose the reviewers from the journal’s reviewer panel or consult section editor(s) to search for new reviewers. It is always advisable to search scientific databases such as PubMed or Google scholar to invite suitable external reviewers.

1. 3.4. Editorial Decision and Revision

The Guest Editor(s) can accept, reject, ask the author for revision, or ask for an additional reviewer after the peer review process. When making an editorial decision the guest editors must be consistent with the journal’s peer-review and editorial policies.

3.5. Transparency and confidentiality

The guest editors are required to use our online submission and peer-review system for all the communications related to the journal and the special issue so that it can be accessed in system logs. The guest editors should protect the confidentiality of all material submitted to the journal and all communications with reviewers.

3.6. Manipulation of Citations and metrics

The guest editors must refrain from suggesting reference citations to the authors, and should also remove any similar comments made by reviewers. Furthermore, the guest editor should not attempt to influence the journal's citation or ranking by suggesting citations or artificially increasing any journal metric by any other means.

3.7. Submissions by the Guest editor(s)

Guest editor(s) can submit a maximum of two articles to their special issue. Such submissions will be handled by the journal’s editors and guest editors will not have any involvement in the peer-review and editorial process of these articles.

3.8. Conflicts of interest

The guest editors are expected to read the journal’s conflicts of interest policies before starting the editorial process and handling the submissions. The guest editor(s) must be very cautious regarding the conflicts of interest at various editorial steps such as handling the articles and also during the selection of peer-reviewers.

4. Promoting your Special Issue

We discourage the bulk email (multiple emails sent to a group of researchers) promotion. However, the special issues can be promoted through social media or through personalized emails to the researchers in your contact. The journal will also promote the special issues through its social media pages and also place an accouchement on the journal’s website. The guest editors can also promote special issues in academic events such as conferences and seminars.

Terms and Conditions

Ownership

The journal and the website are owned and maintained by Open Science Publishers LLP, a company registered in India under Section 12(1)(b) of the LLP Act, 2008 with registration no. AAB-0678, having its corporate office at 305, GTB Bussiness Plaza, University Road, Near Silver Estate, Saraswati Nagar, Gwalior-474002, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Funding and Revenue

The journal or its publishers are not receiving any institutional or any other funding. The journal depends on article processing charges, print subscription, and reprints sale. The article processing charges followed by print subscription constitute the major part of overall revenue. 

1. Terms of services

These website terms of use (“Terms") apply to your use of this website including all the inner web pages. These terms set out the basis on which you may browse and use our website, available at: http://www.jabonline.in and its sub-domains and related pages. Please note that these Terms apply, regardless of the means of delivery of this site to you. Accessing or using this site, you agree to be bound by these Terms and Conditions. These Terms and Conditions include the Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology site's Privacy Policy, any guidelines, rules, additional terms or disclaimer that may be posted and updated on the site. If you are not in agreement with these Terms and Conditions, please do not use the Site.

The Site is owned and Open Science Publishers LLP, a company registered in India under Section 12(1)(b) of the LLP Act, 2008 with registration no. AAB-0678.

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