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      Treatise on Geomorphology 

      The Response of Glaciers to Climate Change: Observations and Impacts

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          The shuttle radar topography mission—a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar

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            The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers

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              Is Open Access

              Permafrost is warming at a global scale

              Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet to date, no globally consistent assessment of permafrost temperature change has been compiled. Here we use a global data set of permafrost temperature time series from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost to evaluate temperature change across permafrost regions for the period since the International Polar Year (2007–2009). During the reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground temperature near the depth of zero annual amplitude in the continuous permafrost zone increased by 0.39 ± 0.15 °C. Over the same period, discontinuous permafrost warmed by 0.20 ± 0.10 °C. Permafrost in mountains warmed by 0.19 ± 0.05 °C and in Antarctica by 0.37 ± 0.10 °C. Globally, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29 ± 0.12 °C. The observed trend follows the Arctic amplification of air temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere. In the discontinuous zone, however, ground warming occurred due to increased snow thickness while air temperature remained statistically unchanged.
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                Book Chapter
                2022
                : 404-439
                10.1016/B978-0-12-818234-5.00011-0
                fef326db-d6c6-4eee-8c42-1cdfec03278f
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