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Abstract

In a technology context dominated by data-intensive AI systems, the consequences of data processing are no longer restricted to the well-known privacy and data protection issues but encompass prejudices against a broader array of fundamental rights. Moreover, the tension between the extensive use of these systems, on the one hand, and the growing demand for ethically and socially responsible data use on the other, reveals the lack of a framework that can fully address the societal issues raised by AI.

Against this background, neither traditional data protection impact assessment models nor the broader social or ethical impact assessment procedures appear to provide an adequate answer to the challenges of our algorithmic society. In contrast, a human rights-centred assessment may offer a better answer to the demand for a more comprehensive assessment, including not only data protection, but also the effects of data use on other fundamental rights and freedoms.

Given the changes to society brought by technology and datafication, when applied to the field of AI the Human Rights Impact Assessment must then be enriched to consider ethical and societal issues, evolving into a more holistic Human Rights, Ethical and Social Impact Assessment (HRESIA), whose rationale and key elements are outlined in this chapter.

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Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks.

Adam D I Kramer, Jamie Guillory, Jeffrey T. Hancock (2014)

Emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. Emotional contagion is well established in laboratory experiments, with people transferring positive and negative emotions to others. Data from a large real-world social network, collected over a 20-y period suggests that longer-lasting moods (e.g., depression, happiness) can be transferred through networks [Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2008) BMJ 337:a2338], although the results are controversial. In an experiment with people who use Facebook, we test whether emotional contagion occurs outside of in-person interaction between individuals by reducing the amount of emotional content in the News Feed. When positive expressions were reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. These results indicate that emotions expressed by others on Facebook influence our own emotions, constituting experimental evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks. This work also suggests that, in contrast to prevailing assumptions, in-person interaction and nonverbal cues are not strictly necessary for emotional contagion, and that the observation of others' positive experiences constitutes a positive experience for people.