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      Leptospira and Leptospirosis 

      Animal Leptospirosis

      other
      Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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          Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis.

          Leptospirosis is a zoonosis found worldwide, the main reservoir of which is the rat. Human infection generally results from exposure to contaminated river or lake water or animals. Around 600 cases are diagnosed per year in France. Half of these cases occur in French overseas territories, where the incidence can be more than 100 times higher than in mainland France. Leptospirosis has been under-diagnosed because of non-specific symptoms, inadequate surveillance system, and lack of readily available quick and simple diagnostic tests. Most cases of leptospirosis are currently detected by PCR amplification of bacterial DNA from the blood during the first week after the onset of symptoms, or by detection of antibodies during the second week of the disease. More than 300 serovars have been identified among leptospires, including serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, the most frequent in human infections. Leptospirosis remains a major public health issue in many developing countries, one century after discovering the causative agent. Leptospirosis is expected to become more important due to a rapid urbanization in developing countries (slums), global warming, and extreme climatic events (floods). Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier SAS.
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            Rattus norvegicus as a model for persistent renal colonization by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans.

            Leptospirosis continues to be a disease with a poorly understood pathogenesis. The experimental rat model is amenable for the investigation of leptospiral dissemination, tropism, persistence of renal colonization and factors related to disease resistance. In this study, Wistar rats were infected intraperitoneally with virulent Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130. The detection of leptospires in tissue samples was based on culture, silver staining and immunofluorescence techniques. An inoculum of 10,000 leptospires induced colonization in 50% of rats and colonization persisted for the 4-month period of the study. Dissemination kinetics revealed that renal colonization took place 7-9 days after infection, with no underlying histopathology. The peak leptospiral load occurred on day 5 post-infection, followed by rapid clearance in all tissues except the kidneys, where dense leptospiral aggregates persisted in the renal tubules. We conclude that the experimental rat model is suitable for studies contributing towards the understanding of the mechanisms of colonization and resistance to severe disease in leptospirosis.
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              Proteomic analysis of Leptospira interrogans shed in urine of chronically infected hosts.

              Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease. The causative agent, pathogenic Leptospira species, survives in the renal tubules of chronically infected hosts, from where leptospires are shed via urine into the environment. Infection of new hosts can present as an array of acute and chronic disease processes reflecting variations in host-pathogen interactions. The present study was designed to reproduce the carrier phase of infection in Rattus norvegicus, thus facilitating shedding of leptospires in urine. Leptospires shed in urine were collected for proteomic analysis because these organisms reflect a naturally virulent form of Leptospira associated with infection of new hosts. Experimentally infected rats remained clinically asymptomatic but shed leptospires in urine for several months at concentrations of up to 10(7) leptospires/ml of urine. Proteomic analysis of rat urine-isolated leptospires compared to in vitro-cultivated leptospires confirmed differential protein and antigen expression, as demonstrated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Furthermore, while serum from chronically infected rats reacted with many antigens of in vitro-cultivated Leptospira, few antigens of rat urine-isolated Leptospira were reactive. Results confirm that differential protein expression by Leptospira during chronic infection facilitates its persistence in the presence of a specific host antibody response.
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                Author and book information

                Book Chapter
                2015
                November 12 2014
                : 99-137
                10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6
                25388134
                7af81b43-3c51-469f-b6db-18d9ae30163c
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