In December 1584, María de San José arrived in Lisbon, where she founded São Alberto, the first female Discalced Carmelite convent in Portugal. Soon afterward, São Alberto housed a group of Clarissas [Poor Clares], who had escaped the Low Countries. Brétigny was anxious to found a Discalced convent in Paris, with María as its prioress, but the moment was not propitious. María was a gentle and efficient prioress, yet she was a strict disciplinarian, and nuns were often whipped as a form of mortification. Throughout Europe and the Spanish colonies, self-mortification was common, as it was considered a means of helping individuals share Christ’s suffering and thereby bringing them closer to God.